50 | 2020. Comment penser l’histoire littéraire au XXIe siècle dans l’espace euro-asiatique ?

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1. Introduction. Comment penser l'histoire littéraire au XXe siècle dans l'espace euro-asiatique ?

Marie Vrinat-Nikolov.

"In our twenty-first century globalized, multinational and diasporic world, how can we explain the continuing appeal, not only, of the single-nation/single-ethnicity focus of literary histories, but also, of its familiar teleological model, deployed even by those writings the new literary histories, based on race, gender, sexual choice, or any number of other identitarian categories?" s'interrogeait en 2002 Linda Hutcheon dans un ouvrage consacré à « repenser l'histoire littéraire ». Ces questions se posent toujours, plus de quinze ans plus tard, et il nous a semblé très stimulant de réunir dans un volume des recherches portant sur l'histoire d'espaces littéraires très différents par l'espace-temps qui les caractérise, leur histoire, leur accession à un État-nation, leurs institutions, leur proximité ou leur éloignement avec ce que Pascale Casanova appelle le « méridien littéraire de Greenwich » (pour faire vite, New York, Londres, Berlin, Paris), l'héritage d'empires divers, etc. Ce qui rassemble les chercheurs qui ont accepté d'apporter leur contribution au débat, c'est la volonté de questionner l'historiographie littéraire telle qu'elle s'est pratiquée et se pratique encore dans ces espaces, proposer une autre écriture susceptible de susciter d'autres conceptions, d'autres visions, d'autres aspects. Leur réflexion est étayée par toutes celles qui ont vu le […]

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2. « Le berceau du dari » : la question des origines dans l’historiographie littéraire moderne en Afghanistan

Wali Ahmadi.

یا ،دحاو یمرکز تقدر کیادبیات فارسی در درازنای تاریخ در سرزمین پرپهنایی آفریده شده که هیچگاه به :کیده چ سنت نیااما، در سایه بینشی ملی گرایانه، تعریفی که ،نیونوزگار رده است. در وبنبا مرزهای مشخص، محدود یرکشو و افغانستان، با ناسیاسی در جغرافیای معینی به دست دهد، سامان پذیرفته است. در ایر یرحدود و ثغو ارادبی گسترده فرهنگی ییااستای دیدگاه ملی گررنان بنیادی در وچ مهو شهپژو عموضو نابه عنو مه ارسازه هایی که ادبیات رظهو تا دنابوده نبیشتر در پی آ نادار بوده است. ادبای اهل ایرروخبر یی هزد، تاریخ ادبیات فارسی از اهمیت ویژرنگاه می و یکسره ارگان ادبیات فارسی رجلوه دهند و بز ناگی سنت ادبی در سرزمین ایرراز شکوه و بز یینمایه ارپیشینه ادب فارسی د در شگوفایی فرهنگ فارسیوختا بر مرکزیت سرزمین دنااهل افغانستان، اما، پیوسته کوشیده نابخوانند. پژوهشگر ینایرا آنچه در بالا آمده است، نگاهی .دنفرهنگ پندار نیا یلصاشگاه رزادگاه و پرو ارو […]

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3. À quoi bon le poète national à l'âge de la littérature mondiale ?

Ioana Bot.

The present article attempts to reflect on the particular status currently “enjoyed” by Eminescu (an important poet for the end of European and Romanian romanticism), who continues to be celebrated in Romanian canonical and scholastic texts as “the national poet.” Today, just like one century ago, he functions as an authoritative political symbol for ideologies in search of local roots and legitimation. Furthermore, he serves as a national‑identity argument in debates completely unrelated to his literary work. Following my studies on this Romanian cultural myth, published over the past twenty years, I now turn to the new Romanian literary histories, the new literary dictionaries, supervised by the Romanian Academy, as well as to some other “officially”‑sanctioned texts, in order to see if (and how) Eminescu’s position in the history of Romanian literature is being reconsidered. What does the perpetuation of the national‑poet myth mean today for the Romanian literary history and for the identity crises experienced by Romanian culture?

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4. Les oubliées de l’histoire littéraire russe – pour un xixe siècle au féminin

Catherine Géry.

The literary histories of the Russian “great century,” the nineteenth century, have a museographic and patrimonial character, which gives full meaning to Roland Barthes’s reflection on literary historiography as a “ succession of single men.” However, the exclusion of women from the “ national narrative” that is Russian literary historiography is a real anomaly, because it corresponds neither to the reality of writing and publishing practices, nor to that of reading practices. Conceived at the crossroads of historiography (how it develops), literature (the manufacture of classics) and gender studies or women’s studies, this article attempts to understand the mechanisms of “invisibilisation” (or the “Matilda effect”) whose female writers of “the great Russian century” were victims. We will also look at two “case studies:” that of Anna Bunina, who was the first author to exist professionally in the Russian public literary space in the early nineteenth century, and that of Ekaterina Kniazhnina, the first woman to whom were opened the ways of publishing in Russia in 1759.

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5. Postmodernisme et canon littéraire : une rencontre heureuse ?

Elena Guéorguiéva.

Подхождайки към литературния канон през едновременно конститутивната му и представителна функция по отношение на националната идентичност, авторката разглежда концептуалното противоречие, което лежи в основата на конфликтните отношения между постмодернизъм и канон в сръбската и българската литератури. И в двете култури постмодерното мислене и поетика допринасят за разколебаването на традиционното схващане за канон и история на литературата. Тъй като дават предимство на диалога с чуждестранната литература, сръбските автори биват обвинявани, че обръщат гръб на националните литературни особености, които дотогава критиката традиционно е изтъквала. Българските писатели пък охотно се оглеждат в текстовете на първите български класици, като ги пренаписват в пародиен план с цел да разкрият литературната […]

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6. Les histoires littéraires nationale et comparée en Slovénie : histoires, situation actuelle et perspectives

Marko Juvan.

The article interprets literary history as a discourse involved in the identity policies of nations. From this point of view, the author presents the relations between national and comparative literary history in Slovenia. The paper outlines the origin and development of both disciplines, especially with regard to their implicit or explicit ideological underpinnings–cultural nationalism and cosmopolitanism. Until the end of the 20th century, national literary history as a “great genre” has interiorized the 19th century thrust of cultural nationalism, which also marked the institutionalization of literary historiography as a university discipline after 1919. Even though comparative literature has countered the apparently autarkic national conceptions of literary and cultural development, it produced another kind of “master narratives” through which it affirmed national identity–by providing records on the participation of Slovene literature in the “general European” currents and developmental stages. In this context, the article draws attention to the problem of belatedness of so‑called small literatures, especially in relation to the world literary system. In conclusion, the article addresses current dilemmas of literary historiography in Slovenia, which are partly specific (reticence to attempts to “reform” the discipline) and partly connected with the changes of literature and literary studies in the era of postmodern and globalization.

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7. Histoire littéraire, formation d’un champ et espaces transnationaux des possibles: La littérature dans l’espace biélorusse pendant les années 1920

Gun-Britt Kohler ; Pavel Navumenka.

Als eine Literatur, die sich im historisch multiethnischen und multikonfessionellen Übergangsraum zwischen der lateinischen und der orthodoxen Slavia entwickelt, stellt die Literatur Weißrusslands die Gültigkeit des ‚großen Narrativs‘ in besonderer Weise zur Diskussion. Gleichzeitig scheint sich gerade an dieser Literatur als einer „kleinen“, deren Entwicklung sich über Jahrhunderte hinweg und bis in die jüngere Zeit in den Dominanzsphären benachbarter „größerer“ Literaturen (der russischen und der polnischen) vollzieht, die Problematik eines transnationalen Ansatzes zu erweisen, der Exklusions‑ und Absorptionsmechanismen fortschreibt. Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen skizziert der Artikel zunächst einen alternativen Ansatz für ein „großes Narrativ“, dessen Basis die Parameter kultureller Raum, offene Chronologie und institutionelle Entwicklung bilden. Im Rahmen dieses Modells wird anschließend am Beispiel der literarischen Entwicklung der 1920er Jahre das transnationale Potential der Literatur Weißrusslands aus institutioneller Perspektive systematisch untersucht. Hier zeigt sich, dass das insbesondere aus der Mehrsprachigkeit sich ergebende transnationale Potential vom Konzept der „Multi‑nationalität“ der proletarischen Literatur institutionell und ideologisch überlagert wird, wobei unterschiedliche Sprachen unterschiedliche Möglichkeitsräume vorstrukturieren. Die Reali‑sierung transnationaler Möglichkeitsräume scheint vor […]

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8. Notes sur l'histoire de la littérature turque des Tanzimat (1839) à la « révolution des lettres » (1928)

Laurent Mignon.

Turkish literary historiography seems to have espoused the definition of “Turkishness”, established at the time of independence in 1923, which regarded as Turkish any person of Muslim faith residing within the borders of the country, regardless of their ethnic origin and mother tongue, and has imposed it retrospectively on the multicultural world of Ottoman Turkish literature. Indeed, non-Muslim authors writing in Turkish have been excluded from the history of literature. However, as is highlighted in the first part of this article, many exchanges took place between the Turkish Muslim intelligentsia and non-Muslim Turkish-speaking intellectuals. Addressing the issue of minor literature in the Ottoman context, the second part presents Armeno-Turkish, Karamanli Turkish, Judeo-Turkish and Syro-Ottoman literatures in dialogue with Ottoman Turkish literary culture. Noting that non-Muslim writers writing with the Perso-Arabic alphabet are also largely absent from literary histories, the article addresses in the third part the impact of the “revolution of the letters”, the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928. This contributed not only to the occultation of the minor literatures of Ottoman Turkey, but also to that of women’s and popular literatures as well as of the Turkish Ottoman progressive tradition.

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9. Penser autrement le champ littéraire géorgien dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle : le rôle des transferts européens

Tamara Svanidzé.

The present work questions the logic and the functioning of the flows of importation in the field of literature in the second half of the 19th century, using the concept of cultural transfers, as developed by Michel Espagne and Michael Werner, along with Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the literary field. These methodological perspectives allow us to relativize the canonical vision of Georgian literature and to illuminate the role played by the importation of European works in the organization and evolution of the internal literary field. My analysis of critical discourse and of paratexts reveals how much literary transfers enabled Georgian literature to renew itself and actively participated in the configuration of the host system, while at the same time contributing to the reinforcement of the positions that structure the Georgian intellectual field of the time. This field has witnessed the arrival of a new conception of literature conveyed by the reformist intelligentsia that relegates traditional practices to the periphery of the system, and and has become divided between literature in conformity with aesthetic norms and current ideologies and the “sub‑field.” By clarifying the motivations that have led to the selection and interpretation of European texts and authors, I hope to offer a better comprehensive perspective on the different facets of this field and on the power relations that constitute it.

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10. Penser autrement les horloges littéraires du monde : donner de l'espace au temps (le cas bulgare)

Marie Vrinat-Nikolov.

След постколониалните проучвания и възникването на нови въпроси около световната литература, литературната история вече не може да се ограничи до националната рамка. Проучването на литературното пространство с транснационален и трансдисциплинарен подход отваря плодородни перспективи. В моите изследвания за историята на българското литературно пространство един от въпросите, които ми се струват особено важни, тъй като не са достатъчно изучени, е въпросът за литературната темпоралност. Как можем да избегнем „западноевропейския центризъм“, без да пренебрегваме факта, че Париж, Лондон, Берлин, Ню Йорк са „Литературният Гринуич“(Казанова)? Как можем да съпоставим в глобалното пространство, без да ги сравняваме според тяхното „напредване“ или „изостаналост“, времевите измерения на всяко литературно […]

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11. Bilinguisme et diglossie en Bulgarie - une nouvelle perspective sur leur état contemporain

Gueorgui Armianov.

The article examines some particular forms of diglossia and bilinguism in Bulgaria. It takes into account the evolution of Bulgarian society over the last thirty years and the processes of language interference associated with the political changes, or influenced by them. The analysis is directed mainly at the slow disappearance of the regional dialects and their gradual and systematic replacement by other substandard forms such as colloquial speech, urbanolects or to some extent social dialects. Special attention is paid to the Turkish language in Bulgaria which enters into more complex relationships with the standard language and represents a specific and very interesting case of bilingualism, combined with diglossia.

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12. Le corps, la chair et l'âme dans l'oeuvre poétique de Vladislav Khodassevitch

Emmanuel Demadre.

Even in Putëm zerna [Grain’s Way] (where in moments of mystical fullness the world appears transfigured), Khodasevich’s poetic work is dominated by a dualistic worldview, which ultimately relates to the mystical idealism of the Russian Symbolists inspired by Vladimir Solovyov. Such an attitude to the world is realized first of all in the dualism Body (“Me”) / Soul (Spirit), where the body is perceived as an “envelope”, from which the soul can get free only with great difficulty. In Tjažëlaja lira [The Heavy Lyre], the dualism “Me” (Body) / Soul grows up, and the poet’s mystical aspiration turns into painful effort towards the attainment of transcendence. The physical intensity of this effort is so strong that it becomes practically pathological. Since the body symbolises the imprisonment in the world that the poet rejects, the interior dichotomy Body/Soul exacerbates with the poet’s perception of the dualism earthly World/another World. The “inert” material that is transcended by the poet‑«Orpheus» in «Ballada», the final poem of Tjažëlaja lira, gives place in Evropejskaja noč’ [European Night] to the world that is crashed by materiality, while the expressionist vision of the “German cycle” is dominated by violence and a degrading sexuality. The rejection of Body and the disgust for Flesh is contrasted in Khodasevich’s poetic work with the image of a foetus and its life in the mother’s womb. The poet associates this image with […]

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13. Autour de la réception de l’œuvre littéraire de Sorana Gurian en Roumanie

Tomasz Krupa.

The case of Sorana Gurian (1913‑1956) allows to examine the situation of multiple exclusion in the 20th century European society: she is a Jewish woman, a stranger accused of espionage and collaboration and her body, disabled and affected by cancer, becomes the main culprit of this plural banishment. The author is a tragic figure: not only because of her life, but also due to the oblivion that her oeuvre fell into – yet original and contemporarily recognized – counting six volumes in French and Romanian and dozens of press publications. In the paper, I propose to read chosen literary chronicles commenting on two Gurian’s editions published in Romania in 1945‑1946 – Zilele nu se întorc niciodată [Days that never return] and Întâmplări între amurg și noapte [Adventures between twilight and night]. These chronicles show the way in which the Other was perceived, in this case – a woman writer, a disabled woman or a Jewish woman in the 20th century. Such perspective aims to show the non‑ aesthetic conditions (gender, corporality, social class, political convictions, ethnic origin, etc.) which have determined Gurian’s appearance and disappearance in the literary scene, and which still influence the way of perceiving her texts in Romania. At the end of this study, I reflect on the possibility of rehabilitating this figure in the history of European literature, that could renew the Romanian literary canon of the 20th century, in which women writers haven’t […]

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