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52 | 2022. Langues en mouvement : changements linguistiques dans l’espace postcommuniste au tournant du XXIe siècle
La transformation de la structure des États, le renoncement aux anciens fondements sociaux, politiques et culturels ont considérablement accéléré ou, dans certains cas, dévoilé des processus d’évolutions sous-jacents dans les langues de l’espace postcommuniste au tournant du XXIe siècle. C’est le lexique et la sémantique lexicale qui sont surtout concernés par ces modifications, mais on constate également des évolutions dans des domaines plus « protégés » : morphologie, syntaxe, phonétique, prosodie. Les chercheurs peuvent rarement observer une évolution aussi rapide se produire sous leurs yeux. Dans ce contexte, il est également intéressant d’analyser la perception par les locuteurs des variations et changements linguistiques ainsi que les efforts des États et des impositions étatiques pour modifier l’évolution naturelle d’une langue. Dans le présent volume, nous avons rassemblé des études de linguistes et d’anthropologues s’intéressant aux différentes langues des pays de l’espace postcommuniste : l’albanais, le bélarussien, le bulgare, les langues fenniques, le polonais, le russe, les langues sibériennes, le tchèque, le tchétchène, l’ukrainien. À travers ce numéro de Slovo, nous désirons offrir un terrain d’échanges pour les spécialistes de ces langues et cultures autour des variations et changements linguistiques. Ce volume est disponible en impression à la demande sur https://i6doc.com/en/book/?gcoi=28001100676950
1. Introduction
La transformation de la structure des États, le renoncement aux anciens fondements sociaux, politiques et culturels ont considérablement accéléré ou, dans certains cas, dévoilé des processus d’évolutions sous-jacents dans les langues de l’espace postcommuniste au tournant du XXIe siècle. C’est le lexique et la sémantique lexicale qui sont surtout concernés par ces modifications, mais on constate également des évolutions dans des domaines plus « protégés » : morphologie, syntaxe, phonétique, prosodie. Les chercheurs peuvent rarement observer une évolution aussi rapide se produire sous leurs yeux. Dans ce contexte, il est également intéressant d’analyser la perception par les locuteurs des variations et changements linguistiques ainsi que les efforts des États et des impositions étatiques pour modifier l’évolution naturelle d’une langue. Dans le présent volume, nous avons rassemblé des études de linguistes et d’anthropologues s’intéressant aux différentes langues des pays de l’espace postcommuniste : l’albanais, le bélarussien, le bulgare, les langues fenniques, le polonais, le russe, les langues sibériennes, le tchèque, le tchétchène, l’ukrainien. À travers ce numéro de Slovo, nous désirons offrir un terrain d’échanges pour les spécialistes de ces langues et cultures autour des variations et changements linguistiques.
2. Le bilinguisme en Tchétchénie aux XXe et XXIe siècles
The unbalanced bilingualism we see in Chechnya clearly shows the hegemony of the Russian language over the Chechen language. However, the linguistic situation is not homogeneous in time or space. Indeed, while the older generations have a high level of competence in both languages, they consider the Chechen language as their mother tongue and the Russian language as a second language, whereas the opposite is true for the younger generations. The Chechen language skills of the younger generation are very low in urban areas and higher in rural areas.Thus, this article will focus, on the one hand, on the influence of the Chechen language in the use of Russian, manifesting itself notably at the phonological and syntactic levels. On the other hand, my research will focus on the penetration of Russian language within the Chechen language at the phonological, lexical and syntactic levels.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
3. Le phénomène du suržyk en Ukraine : deux langues en dialogue… ou en dispute ?
The phenomenon of suržyk is presented as a consequence of Russian-Ukrainian bilingualism from the diachronic and synchronic point of view and as a phenomenon of linguistic adaptation, both towards Russian and towards Ukrainian in post-soviet Ukraine. The author examines the issues of norm and standard and presents an analysis of the socio-linguistic peculiarities of Suržyk with the support of the literary and audiovisual corpus.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
4. Entre variation et continuité : jeux polyphoniques et créativité phraséologique dans le polonais de jeunes locuteurs
The present paper deals with linguistic novelties in contemporary Polish. Indeed, every day communication brings out a large variety of new forms and formulæ. Nevertheless, rather than changes, they mostly remain innovations. Having considered, in the first part, main tendencies in contemporary Polish, the second part discusses findings of a compared analysis of 553 nominal phrases (NP) extracted from two sources: an online dictionary of urban slang (Miejski) and short humoristic stories published between 1935 et 1937. The results suggest similarities in speakers’ attitudes, in particular as far as poliphonic phraseological creativity is concerned.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
5. Évolutions lexico-grammaticales dans l'usage du bélarussien de la période post-soviétique
Утварэнне самастойнай дзяржавы Рэспубліка Беларусь (1991) выклікала змены і ў узусе беларускай мовы, скіраваныя перш за ўсё на яе дывергенцыю з рускай моваю, асабліва ў галіне лексікі і граматыкі. Канкурэнцыя двух варыянтаў беларускай літаратурнай мовы (афіцыйнага – наркамаўкі і неафіцыйнага – тарашкевіцы) вядзе да ўзаемапранікнення іх нормаў і стыхійнаму фарміраванню ў актыўных карыстальнікаў своеасаблівага кампраміснага падыходу, які акумулюе ў сабе найбольш рацыянальныя рысы абодвух варыянтаў.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
6. D’un rêve d'universalité fonctionnelle au libéralisme linguistique : standardisation de la langue tchèque moderne et controverse des années 1990 et 2000
V průběhu 19. a v prvních desetiletích 20. století se čeští filologové aktivně podíleli na vytvoření kultivované varianty národního jazyka. Ve 30. letech 20. století Pražský lingvistický kroužek navrhl teorii spisovného jazyka a jazykové kultury založenou na fukčním kritériu, která se stala výchozím bodem uvažování o spisovné češtině až do dnešních dní. V 90. letech 20. století a na začátku nového tisíciletí někteří bohemisté označili takto vytvořenou spisovnou češtinu za vnucenou kodifikovanou formu, odporující každodennímu užívání jazyka, a nastínili nová řešení.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
7. Évolution du lexique socioprofessionnel en bulgare après 1989
Статията предоставя анализ на развитието, наблюдавано в българската лексика във времето след падането на комунистическия режим през 1989 г. Тя обръща особено внимание на промените на официалните обръщения и термини, свързани с различни професионални и социални сектори, като се основава на съвременното състояние на езика.Анализираната социално-професионална лексика е извадена от лексикографски трудове и електронни източници, като сайтове за работа, спазващи националната и международната стандартна класификация на професиите, и вестници, специализирани в областта на икономиката и финансите. Изучаването на тези писмени извори се допълва от наблюдения върху езиковата практика на говорещите.След преглед на изграждането на социално-професионалната лексика в рамките на общото развитие на съвременния […]
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
8. La désarchaïsation lexicale en russe contemporain
In the process of lexical dearchaization, the lexical units previously being part of the passive vocabulary of speakers and therefore chronologically marked as archaic, cease to be felt as belonging to an earlier epoch and enter the active vocabulary of a large number of people. The present article, deals with lexical units which, in the dictionaries of the Soviet era, were labeled as archaic (and/or contained in their lexicographical definition the components like “in Tsarist Russia”, “in Russia before 1917” and which are no longer so in contemporary dictionaries. We analyze the new paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of the lexical units in question, the development of their polysemy, their new derivatives and, in certain cases, their graphic and grammatical adaptation.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
9. L'albanais, langue des Pélasges: Transformations postcommunistes d'une linguistique populaire
Parascientific literature on Pelasgians and the Pelasgian origin of Albanians has been remarkably successful in Albania since the 1990s. Written by amateur linguists and historians, it is opposed to official science, but nevertheless dependent on scientific production, especially that of the communist period. The aim of this article is to show how neo-Pelasgist authors are dealing with language and what this popular linguistics owes to the communist period.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
10. « Parler de nos vies avec nos propres mots » : quand les Khantys, les Nénètses et les Mansis de la Sibérie (sub)arctique parlent de leur langue
Since the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth century and the colonization that followed, the history of vernacular languages has often been linked to the language policy of the Russian state, between disinterest, promotion and instrumentalization. History has been written from the sole point of view of the dominant culture. After a brief review of the linguistic interactions between the Russian and indigenous worlds in Imperial and Soviet Siberia, particularly in the light of the school, it will be necessary to consider the point of view of the communities themselves, using the example of the Nenets, Khantys and Mansis of (sub)Arctic Siberia. Based mainly on fieldwork and life stories collected from 2013 to 2018 in the tundras of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the forests of the Khanty-Mansi - Yugra Autonomous Okrug, this article seeks to restore the indigenous narrative and highlight the paths explored by the Tundroviki and Tajožniki in the early twenty-first century to maintain a bubbling space for self-expression in the face of the inner demons of the dominant culture and the discouragement of some communities themselves.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
11. Écologie des langues fenniques minoritaires: Analyse comparative de trajectoires postcommunistes
This article aims to compare the trajectories of Finnic minority or dialect languages within the post-communist area of Latvia, Estonia, the Leningrad oblast and the Republic of Karelia. It is based on an interdisciplinary work in social sciences. This study analyzes materials kept in museums or research institutions, but also uses ethnographic survey in the field, in medium-term immersion within communities (native speakers, researchers, NGOs). It focuses on Livonian, Votic, Ingrian, Kihnu and Manilaid, Karelian and Vepsian communities. This study seeks to compare the post-communist evolution of these languages, by examining their vitalities, in both quantitative and qualitative evolutions of speakers, but also in terms of areal evolution, or linguistic policies (such as imposed uniformization and standardization, etc.). Thus, the public policies put in place, and the major changes taking place within them, are exposed, as well as the actions of actors who are invested in defending those languages and dialects. It raises the question of the legitimization of knowledge, with the perspective of the knowledge of these NGOs (and their networking) and the knowledge produced by scientists studying these communities. At the end, a typology of the ecology of these languages is drawn up, making it possible to categorize them and compare them according to different types of trajectories.
Rubrique :
Langues en mouvement
12. Les verbes de coups visant des dommages corporels en russe
In this article, we propose to delimit the category of Russian verbs of blows aimed at producing bodily harm and to describe their morphosyntactic properties, in particular their aspectual specificities, their derivative propensities and the syntactic constructions which they govern, as well as to analyze the semantic content of these verbs through their combination with the names of parts and organs of the human body. We also examine the conceptual metaphors that are at the origin of their figurative meaning.
Rubrique :
Varia
13. LEKMANOV Oleg, 2020, «La vie est passée. Mais la jeunesse dure encore…» (Guide pour les mémoires d’Irina Odoïevtseva « Sur les bords de la Néva »)
LEKMANOV Oleg, 2020, «La vie est passée. Mais la jeunesse dure encore…» (Guide pour les mémoires d’Irina Odoïevtseva « Sur les bords de la Néva »), AST : Rédaction d’Elena Shoubina, Moscou, 864 p.
Rubrique :
Comptes rendus
14. ARTYUSHKINA Olga, BELIAKOV Vladimir, BERNITSKAÏA Natalia, BOTTINEAU Tatiana (dir.), 2020, Études de linguistique slave : mélanges offerts à Robert Roudet
ARTYUSHKINA Olga, BELIAKOV Vladimir, BERNITSKAÏA Natalia, BOTTINEAU Tatiana (dir.), 2020, Études de linguistique slave : mélanges offerts à Robert Roudet, Presses universitaires du Midi, Toulouse, 312 p.
Rubrique :
Comptes rendus
15. LOZKINA Aliza, 2020, Une révolution permanente : l’art ukrainien contemporain et ses racines 1880-2020
LOZKINA Aliza, 2020, Une révolution permanente : l’art ukrainien contemporain et ses racines 1880-2020, Nouvelles éditions Place (L’art à l’écrit), Paris, 381 p.
Rubrique :
Comptes rendus
16. Compte rendu de trois ouvrages consacrés à Ivo Andrić
MARTENS Michael, 2020 [2019], Im Brand der Welten. Ivo Andrić, ein europäisches Leben, Paul Zsolnay, Vienne, 494 p. ; LUJANOVIC Nebojša, 2018, Prostor za otpadnike: Od ideologije i identiteta do književnog polja [Un espace pour les transfuges : de l’idéologie et de l’identité au champ littéraire], Leykam international, Zagreb, 256 p. ; MEIC Perina, 2021, Andrićeva poetika. Iza kulisa ispripovijedanog [La poétique d’Andrić. Dans les coulisses de la narration], Matica hrvatska, Rijeka, 333 p.
Rubrique :
Comptes rendus